How do you calculate cash flow on a rental property?
Monthly Cash Flow = Effective Rental Income - Mortgage Payment - Operating Expenses. Effective rental income accounts for vacancy: Gross Rent × (1 - Vacancy Rate). Operating expenses include property management (8-12% of rent), maintenance/repairs (1-2% of property value/year), insurance (~$100-150/month), property taxes (varies by location), and reserves for capital expenditures (5-10% of rent). Example: $300,000 property, 25% down ($75,000), 7% rate, 30yr. Loan amount $225,000, monthly mortgage ~$1,497. Rent $2,000, 5% vacancy = $1,900 effective. Expenses $500/month. Cash flow = $1,900 - $1,497 - $500 = -$97 (negative!). This shows why running numbers carefully matters — many properties don't cash flow at 2026 interest rates without significant down payment.